Addictions: the complete (and complex) guide to psychoactive drugs and chemical dependency

It doesn’t matter who or when. In general, any approach to addictions, illicit drugs or chemical dependency tends to be full of taboos, fears and information that, at times, prevent the subject from being treated seriously and without euphemisms.

After all, the reality of those who are users, former addicts in recovery or have a family member or friend in this situation is more complex than we would like. Therefore, it becomes impossible to talk about addictions without carefully relating everything that involves it.

In this special article, EnLite will bring you content that will cover the main issues related to addictions and psychoactive drugs. The goal is to inform in a responsible manner and, to this end, we have gathered the fundamental topics that need to be discussed. Check it out with us and enjoy your reading!

What is addiction?

The word “addiction” means, according to its etymology, “submitted” or “handed over”. However, in Ancient Rome it also represented a patrician who became a slave due to debt to another person and had to work for free until he was able to pay off his financial commitment. In this case, an “adictu” to his lender for the period of time necessary to pay off the debt. But in either sense, it is possible to see that when we talk about addictions, we are talking about subservience and control. Which brings us to its meaning today.

Addiction is a behavioral or chemical condition where there is an inversion of the relationship between the subject and the thing. That is, when a person becomes unable to control their desires and submits to them.

Read also | All about emotional disorders

Definitions and characteristics of addictions

In general, signs of addiction appear from the compulsion to use a substance or from the practice of behavior that causes harm to social or family relationships. In these cases, despite the negative consequences, the individual continues to use or act.

However, far beyond the relationship between addiction and the use of psychoactive substances or drugs, there are other factors that also configure an addict . For example, irresponsible behavior with excessive shopping, uncontrolled recurrence in gambling or pornography.

However, even though these are conditions that deserve the attention of a mental health professional, these types of addiction will be the subject of other articles. Here, the focus is on issues involving psychoactive drugs and, therefore, causing chemical dependency.

Addiction, not addiction

An important point to know when the subject refers to chemical dependency is that the use of the term addiction and its variants is inappropriate.

Firstly, because science considers addiction to be a chronic, incurable disease that poses a risk of being fatal, affecting human beings in all their dimensions: physical, mental, emotional and spiritual, and is even included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) . Furthermore, the meaning of addiction can suggest a harmful condition inherent to the person. In other words, it gives the erroneous idea that all someone has to do is decide to stop their addiction for the problem to be resolved.

Finally, the correct use of the term removes the moral connotation from the practice, so as not to indicate weakness of character or lack of discipline. After all, most addictions have much more complex issues than that.

What is the definition of drug?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the word drug refers to any stimulus or chemical entity, or mixture of them, that alters the biological function and possibly the structure of the organism . In short, the term encompasses everything from stimuli such as work or play, to all natural or synthetic substances that alter an individual’s physiology or behavior.

Therefore, we can say that drugs, from a scientific perspective, include everything from marijuana, cocaine, heroin, to prescription drugs, caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, sugar, among others. However, even though they are all part of a broader definition of the word drug, they should not be treated in the same way, whether in the social, health or legal context. Below, we will explain why.

What are legal and illegal drugs?

Legality is directly related to the legislation of a city, state, country or region. In other words, legal drugs are substances that cause the biological alteration mentioned above but are permitted by law. For example, alcoholic beverages, cigarettes and coffee.

On the other hand, illicit drugs are prohibited by law and their sale (and sometimes use) leads to the application of the law with specific punishments. In this example, we have cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, LSD, among others.

However, it is important to note that there are drugs that have specific regulations for their use. In other words, what makes it a legal drug is compliance with the rules and requirements for consumption.

This is the case with medicines that require a prescription or the cultivation of marijuana, for example, for medicinal purposes. After all, accessing or purchasing them without proper authorization is also subject to penalties according to the legislation of most countries.

Finally, it is possible for a drug to be legal in one country and illegal in another . Marijuana, for example, has already been legalized in Uruguay and the Netherlands, subject to each country’s own criteria. On the other hand, carrying it in Saudi Arabia can result in fines, arrests, public flogging, and even death.

Historical overview of psychoactive drugs

To understand the issues surrounding addiction and chemical dependency, it is important to analyze the historical panorama of psychoactive drugs. In general, it begins in ancient times, when human search has always involved experimenting with substances to alter consciousness, alleviate pain or provide pleasure.

According to records on the subject, man has used plants for medicinal and ritual purposes since ancient times. For example, opium was popular in the Mediterranean 8,000 years ago and there are documents that prove its use to induce sleep or combat severe pain.

In Latin America, the Andean peoples used coca leaves as a stimulant and medicine. In China, marijuana has been important for thousands of years in religious and medicinal rituals, and was introduced to Europe through cultural interactions.

19th Century Scientific Advancement and Synthetic Drugs

If up until now the use of what is now defined as drugs has not been shown to be addictive, with the advancement of chemistry and pharmacology, the scenario is beginning to change. This is because natural substances with psychoactive effects are now being manipulated in laboratories. This has led to the emergence of synthetic drugs and the use of these substances in the production of medicines. For example, morphine isolated from opium, which would become one of the most important painkillers; coca leaves present in energy drinks such as Coca-Cola; heroin as a cough medicine for children, produced by Bayer.

Drug regulation around the world

To address the laws on psychoactive drugs and addictions, it is first necessary to understand that the sovereignty of each country allows for different perceptions on the subject. In other words, there is no – and it is unlikely that there will be – a single law that regulates issues involving the use and sale of substances that can cause chemical dependency .

However, after a long period of prohibition and stigmatization, some issues related to drug regulation have been discussed with a greater scientific basis. For example, the issue related to the medicinal use of cannabidiol , which is extracted from marijuana and has already shown favorable results for people with autism spectrum disorder and cancer patients, among others.

Furthermore, when we talk about regulation, it does not mean legalizing psychoactive drugs or allowing recreational use. In general, regulation means structuring laws based on the reality and specificities of each country.

Or even understand, as has already happened in countries such as Chile, Mexico, Peru, the United States and, recently, in Brazil, that it is necessary to differentiate between the user and the person who sells the drug. After all, this practice favors the decriminalization of those who may be suffering from addiction and directs public policies towards treatment rather than punishment.

Why are some drugs legal?

Currently, it can be said that what most influences whether a drug is legal or not is directly related to its level of toxicity and the chemical dependence it can cause. These factors certainly emerged after the advent of synthetic drugs, which were intended almost exclusively for pharmacological use.

However, several of them may present a change in their risks and begin to be perceived in a way that is opposite to what defined them. To do this, it is ideal to take into account other factors such as

Cultural and social context

There are places where the use of certain psychoactive drugs is widely accepted. Whether for social, religious or historical reasons, the legality will be related to the specific use, such as in rituals. Furthermore, when a drug is widely consumed in a group, its risks and harms may be relativized, as is the case with cigarettes and alcohol.

Social impact

Refers to the associations that drug use can cause. For example, violence, crime and family breakdown. In general, legal drugs are characterized by substances that do not cause these types of problems.

Legal history

All laws and regulations on addictions and psychoactive drugs have taken into account the context in which the debate took place. To this end, the aim was to ensure that the prohibition or legality met the social, popular or political interest. As an example, we can mention the prohibition of alcohol during the “ Prohibition ” in the United States or the tourist interest that Uruguay introduced into the agenda when it legalized marijuana in 2013.

Social and economic impact of illicit drugs

Another key point in understanding chemical dependency refers to issues involving organized crime, public health and interpersonal relationships. This is because addiction to illicit substances goes far beyond the harmful factor of the individual.

Below, we will delve deeper into each topic to explain their direct relationship with the use of psychoactive drugs.

Organized crime

Even though it is not the central theme of this guide on addictions and psychoactive drugs, it is impossible to address the subject without considering the issues of illegality that involve chemical dependency. This is because the sale of illicit substances is directly linked to the three points that we will explain below.

Drug trafficking

Trafficking is any and all commercial activity involving something that is prohibited by law. In other words, it includes everything from people to animals, products and even illicit drugs.

According to data from the Janus Project , obtained through a 3-year survey by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), drug trafficking fuels crime, especially in regions of greater social vulnerability. This is because it is usually present alongside the illegality of other practices, such as the sale of weapons or other crimes.

In general, it is understood that it also contributes to economic degradation, since these illicit activities divert resources that could be used for local development.

Money laundering

By reintegrating money from the purchase and sale of illicit drugs into the formal economy, drug trafficking also undermines financial integrity. After all, the circulation of profits does not involve public collection and can even give the false impression of prosperity in areas where it occurs.

Violence and psychoactive drugs

Finally, there is the issue of the levels of violence that increase as a result of the sale of illicit drugs. For example, in cases of conflicts between rival groups and in cases of more intense addiction, many addicts commit crimes to acquire the drug, such as robberies, thefts and even assaults and murders.

To prove this fact, a study by Unifesp found that a person with chemical dependency affects both their daily activities and the psychological well-being of their family members. And one third of the families of addicts claim that they have already suffered serious threats from the dependent family member.

Public health and addictions

Regarding access to the public health system for the care of drug addicts, the scenario is also worrying. And it needs to be present in the approach to addictions, especially in countries like Brazil, where there is universal and free access to health services.

Treatment costs

The cost of treating drug addicts has increased significantly. In Brazil, the costs of the Unified Health System (SUS) for drug users have already exceeded R$9 billion . However, these costs include not only rehabilitation, but also the treatment of comorbidities associated with substance use, such as mental and physical illnesses.

In addition, there are also indirect costs related to the loss of productivity of affected individuals. For example, absenteeism from work and the inability to perform daily tasks are common among drug addicts. In other words, they result in economic impacts that extend beyond the health system.

Overload on the health system due to addictions

In turn, the overload on the health system is a direct consequence of the increase in addictions. Health professionals often report feeling overwhelmed due to the increasing demand for services related to addiction treatment .

Another point of concern is that, as stated in a UNODC report , this situation is worse in vulnerable communities. This is because this is where drug use is most prevalent and health services are least accessible.

Prison system

The Brazilian prison system faces serious challenges, especially in relation to overcrowding and the reintegration of drug addicts. Below, we will explain the main problems and their implications within the context of illicit drug addiction.

Overcrowding

Overcrowding is one of the most critical problems in the prison system in Brazil. After all, there is currently a deficit of approximately 33%. In other words, there are around 649 thousand people in prison in a system that offers only 482 thousand places.

And even in the current scenario that seeks to differentiate users from dealers, they are part of a single situation: the illegal trade of psychoactive drugs. Therefore, the consequences of overcrowding go beyond the physical conditions of prisons. This is because it creates an environment conducive to the formation of criminal factions, which take advantage of the vulnerability of prisoners to expand their power and control within the units.

Furthermore, overcrowding contributes to increased violence and tension and makes it difficult to prevent criminal practices.

Resocialization of drug addicts

On the other hand, the situation that seeks the resocialization of drug addicts in the prison system is also compromised. After all, the unhealthy environment and the lack of public treatment policies hinder the recovery process of inmates.

As a result, those suffering from chemical dependency are left without adequate support, which tends to make reintegration into society difficult and, of course, increases the risk of relapse and criminal reoffending.

Impact on family and community

The last point related to the social impact of psychoactive drugs and addictions is how the behavior affects society and the user’s family. Starting with the recurring family breakdown that leads to conflicts, fights and even marital separations.

According to a study by UFPR , chemical dependency is a determining factor in divorces and the breakdown of family ties.

And it doesn’t stop there. Family members of drug addicts often face significant emotional overload. This creates an environment that encourages other people to experience stress, depression or anxiety.

Finally, since family dynamics play a key role in children and adolescents, addicted individuals can harm the emotional bond and communication between parents and children. In other words, a chaotic environment can be the starting point for minors to be exposed to psychoactive drugs and perpetuate a cycle of chemical dependency.

As a result, in addition to the problems we explained earlier, the addict and their family members end up suffering social stigmas that can cause isolation or marginalization, or even the loss of financial stability and a situation of greater social vulnerability.

Illicit drugs and Brazilian law

Without considering other proposals or amendments that are being processed or awaiting discussion in the legislative or judicial spheres, Law 11.343/2006 presents the main legal guidelines on the subject. To this end, it was sanctioned in August 2006 and instituted the National System of Public Policies on Drugs ( Sisnad ).

In short, this law defines the crimes related to drug trafficking and use. In addition, it also establishes the distinction between users and traffickers, policies for preventing misuse and the social reintegration of those who suffer from addiction.

Crimes and penalties

In general, article 33 of the aforementioned law provides for penalties ranging from 5 to 15 years of imprisonment and fines in specific cases, for conduct that includes importing, exporting, producing, selling or supplying illicit drugs. In other words, anything that constitutes drug trafficking.

However, in the case of the user, there are alternative penalties such as a warning, community service and socio-educational measures.

But since the subject of psychoactive drugs is constantly being discussed and perceived, it is best to check out the legal changes that may occur. For example, while PEC 34/2023 begins its processing in the Chamber of Deputies, theme 506 of the STF has already received a favorable opinion from the Judiciary.

Which in practice means a proposed constitutional amendment that seeks to prevent the legalization of any illicit drugs and another that makes the possession of marijuana more flexible.

Public policies in the fight against drugs: Brazil and the world

Public policies to combat drugs are essential to address the challenges arising from the use and trafficking of illicit substances. In Brazil, these policies have evolved over the years, seeking an approach that seeks to balance repression and treatment. However, the results are still inefficient and far from the reality of drug dependency and addiction among Brazilians.

Public policies in Brazil

In 2022, Brazil launched the National Drug Policy Plan (Planad), which establishes guidelines for combating drug use and trafficking. The plan is divided into four main axes, which are:

1 | Prevention | Creates Sinap and focuses on identifying and evaluating initiatives to prevent early consumption of illicit drugs;

2 | Supply reduction | Aims to combat trafficking. To this end, it establishes the withdrawal of assets from criminals to finance repressive actions;

3 | Care and treatment | Determines the guarantee of access to assistance and social reintegration programs for users;

4 | Monitoring and evaluation | Places Conad (National Council for Drug Policies) as responsible for supervising the plan’s actions until 2027.

Finally, in addition to repression, the Brazilian government has sought to integrate education and public health into its policies. The Cria Program , for example, aims to train education professionals to prevent drug use among children and adolescents; to this end, it emphasizes the importance of welcoming and strengthening social bonds.

International comparison

International approaches to combating drugs vary widely, depending on the social and legal rules of each country. However, it is worth explaining some notable public policies, among which we have selected those of 8 countries with relevance on the subject.

Portugal

In 2001, Portugal decriminalized the use of all drugs, focusing on treatment rather than punishment. The model prioritizes public health, offering rehabilitation services and social support to addicts.

Uruguay

Uruguay legalized the production and sale of marijuana in 2013, aiming to control the market and reduce trafficking. The policy includes strict regulations on the sale and consumption of marijuana.

United States

In turn, US policies on psychoactive drugs vary from state to state. Some have adopted the legalization of marijuana for recreational use, while others maintain a more punitive approach. The fight against opioids has intensified due to the overdose crisis.

Colombia

Colombia has adopted a dual approach, focusing both on eradicating illegal crops and on harm reduction programs. To this end, the country seeks to balance the crackdown on trafficking with public health initiatives.

Canada and public policies to combat addictions

In 2018, Canada legalized marijuana for recreational use and established a regulatory system for its sale. In short, the policy is part of an effort to reduce the black market and ensure consumer safety.

Switzerland

In Europe, Switzerland is worth mentioning, as it has implemented comprehensive programs that include controlled distribution of heroin and safe consumption centers. These initiatives have been effective in reducing HIV infection rates and improving the health of users, but they should be viewed with caution because they reflect the context of one of the most developed countries in the world with a large budget dedicated to the issue.

Germany

In turn, Germany has invested in programs that prioritize public health over criminalization. In other words, this includes access to treatment and social services for drug addicts. In addition, the country has also put the legalization of marijuana on the political agenda.

New Zealand

Finally, New Zealand has promoted policies that treat drug use as a public health issue, with an emphasis on treatment and prevention. That is why the country recently passed a referendum on the legalization of marijuana, which reflects a move towards decriminalization.

Decriminalization and decriminalization: pros and cons

As this is still a very complex topic for debate, attempts to decriminalize and decriminalize illicit drugs have different arguments for and against. Furthermore, given the different levels of risk that addictions can cause, it is not possible to establish a single standard for addressing the issue.

However, we have gathered below the main arguments for and against that are on the agenda for this discussion.

Pro arguments

Firstly, among those who defend the decriminalization of illicit drugs, there is the possible reduction in incarceration . According to those who are in favor, making consumption in certain situations merely a public health issue can facilitate treatment and prevent prison overcrowding due to a person’s chemical dependency.

Furthermore, it is understood that by treating users without the stigma of crime, it is easier to promote policies with more humanity and effectiveness. And of course, this can allow the user to seek help without fear of legal reprisals.

Another point in this sense is that, with legalization or decriminalization, it is possible to establish a regulated system that can guarantee the quality of the substances and reduce the risks associated with their use. It also weakens the power of drug traffickers, who have a direct impact on the violence resulting from the sale of illicit drugs.

Finally, there are also advocates who argue that drug use is a personal choice. Therefore, it should not be criminalized, respecting individual autonomy.

Arguments against

On the other hand, critics claim that decriminalization could lead to an increase in drug use, especially among young people. After all, the decision tends to reduce the perception of risk associated with use.

also concerns that decriminalization will not address underlying addiction and mental health issues, and could even exacerbate social issues related to substance use.

Furthermore, those who oppose the relaxation of drug laws believe that the legal change could create confusion about what constitutes personal use versus trafficking. This would make it more difficult to enforce the law.

Finally, there is a social fear that decriminalization could set a dangerous precedent for other substances. This would increase the social problems arising from the use of psychoactive drugs.

Types of drugs: Effects on the body, health risks, routes of administration

After understanding the general overview of the main issues involving chemical dependency and addictions, it is time to learn, in practice, what the effects and risks of using psychoactive drugs are.

So, to be able to cover the topic with all the responsibility it requires, we will explain them based on all the complexity that each substance has. Continue reading and follow along with us.

Psychostimulant drugs

Firstly, we have psychostimulant drugs, which are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system. In this way, they result in effects such as greater alertness, concentration and energy.

However, while some of these drugs are intended to treat conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, there is a high rate of their use indiscriminately or without clinical purpose in others.

Poppers

To begin, we chose to mention one of the most popular psychoactive drugs today: poppers. Although their history began with the synthetic production in 1884 by the French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard, they were initially used as a medical treatment.

For example, in 1867, Scottish physician Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton documented the clinical use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris. Patients with chest pain experienced complete relief after inhaling the substance.

The name “poppers” comes from the characteristic popping sound made when the glass bottle containing the liquid was opened. In the 1960s, poppers gained prominence as a recreational drug and their use spread within the LGBTQ+ community, especially in gay bars, clubs and saunas in the following decade.

The recreational use of poppers and their legality in some countries

Over time, the production of poppers has become more decentralized and, in many cases, illicit. Today, they are often sold disguised as other products, such as air fresheners or leather cleaners, although their use and sale are regulated or banned in many countries.

In France, for example, sex shops sell poppers and there are no restrictions on their purchase and use for people over 18. This is because they act as a vasodilator and relax the smooth muscles of the body, including blood vessels and sphincters.

In short, poppers are fast-acting drugs with almost instant effects that last only a few minutes. Because they cause a temporary feeling of euphoria and well-being, users tend to experience improved sexual performance when taking the product.

However, it can cause tachycardia, dizziness and even psychological dependence.

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is a medication that acts on the central nervous system to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. This results in a stimulating effect that increases attention and concentration.

Therefore, it is often prescribed to children and adults with ADHD, due to its ability to improve focus and reduce impulsive behaviors.

It can be found under different trade names in Brazilian pharmacies. For example, Ritalin, Concerta and Metadate. However, it is legally available only with a prescription.

How methylphenidate is used

Medications containing methylphenidate are generally administered orally. In addition, their available formulations include options with immediate release of the substance and prolonged release.

In the case of dosage, it is individual, according to medical advice. And to avoid chemical dependency and guarantee results, the health professional also carries out continuous monitoring to adjust the ideal dosage.

Associated dangers

When administered under medical supervision, the risks of chemical dependence on methylphenidate are very small. However, indiscriminate use can increase adverse effects such as insomnia, nervousness, increased blood pressure, tachycardia and gastrointestinal problems.

In more severe cases, there is a risk of psychosis and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, any non-prescription use is potentially dangerous, such as those who use methylphenidate to improve cognitive ability.

Lisdexamfetamine

The next name on the list of psychoactive drugs that can result in addiction is lisdexamfetamine. Despite its complicated name, it is a psychostimulant medication that is widely used in the treatment of ADHD and Binge Eating Disorder (BED).

Commercially, it is known as Venvanse and is an amphetamine derivative. Under medical supervision, the substance results in therapeutic effects that improve attention, reduce impulsivity and control hyperactivity.

Also available in pharmacies with a prescription, it is usually found in capsule form.

How is lisdexamfetamine used

Medication containing lisdexamfetamine can also be administered orally. However, in order to avoid insomnia, it is recommended to take it in the morning. Furthermore, the effects begin to appear around 2 hours after ingestion and can last up to 14 hours.

Dangers associated with excess or chemical dependence on lisdexamfetamine

As with other stimulants, lisdexamfetamine has the potential to cause dependence, especially when used without medical supervision or for recreational purposes. In these cases, adverse effects may include insomnia, anxiety, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, and gastrointestinal problems. In severe cases, psychosis or serious cardiovascular events may occur.

It is also important to note that although some doctors prescribe lisdexamfetamine for weight loss or to increase cognitive performance, these uses are not officially approved and can be risky.

Bupropion

Next, we have bupropion, which is a medication that focuses mainly on the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, it can also help with smoking cessation.

However, bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that acts on the central nervous system, specifically on the neurotransmitters associated with feelings of well-being. Therefore, it is commonly prescribed for patients who do not respond well to other types of antidepressants or who wish to quit smoking.

Among its commercial names, the most popular are Zyban and Wellbutrin, both available by prescription, in tablet form, in pharmacies.

How to use

Bupropion tablets should be swallowed whole, without being broken or crushed, to avoid more intense side effects. In the case of aiding in smoking cessation, treatment should begin while the patient is still smoking. Ideally, a quit date should usually be set during the second week.

Dangers associated with bupropion addictions

First, it is important to explain that bupropion can increase the risk of seizures, especially in patients with a history of epilepsy or eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia.

Furthermore, improper use can lead to chemical dependency and cause side effects such as insomnia, dry mouth, nausea, headache and agitation. Allergic reactions and gastrointestinal disorders can also occur.

Clonidine

Clonidine is an antihypertensive medication that acts as an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. Therefore, it is mainly used to treat high blood pressure. However, it can also be administered alone or in combination with other antihypertensive medications.

Administration and effect of clonidine

Clonidine is usually administered orally in tablet form. In addition to treating hypertension, clonidine is also used for sedation in pre-anesthetic procedures, reduction of intraocular pressure in ophthalmic surgeries, and post-operative pain.

In some cases, it can help treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or even aid in drug and alcohol withdrawal.

Clonidine chemical dependence

Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966. Since then, it has not been commonly associated with dependence, but prolonged use can lead to tolerance. Therefore, abrupt cessation can cause withdrawal symptoms such as increased blood pressure, agitation, and anxiety. Other side effects may include dry mouth, drowsiness, and constipation.

Amphetamine

Amphetamines are synthetic drugs that stimulate the central nervous system. In short, they can be administered orally, by inhalation, injection or smoking. Although their medicinal use acts to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy and, in some cases, obesity.

However, it has become a widely consumed recreational drug around the world and the issue has become a public health issue. This is because studies have shown that its frequent use can accelerate cardiovascular aging by up to 25%. In other words, this is equivalent to adding 1 decade to the heart age of a 40-year-old person.

Risks of continued use of amphetamines

Chest pain, palpitations, convulsions and even elevated body temperature are some of the symptoms of an amphetamine overdose. In addition, prolonged use can cause irreversible brain damage, memory problems and reduced motor coordination.

And it doesn’t stop there. Amphetamines can also trigger or worsen anxiety, depression, paranoia, delusions, irritability and hallucinations. Finally, malnutrition and extreme weight loss, dental problems and kidney and liver damage.

Caffeine

Here we have the main substance present in the popular coffee, which although it causes less intense risks when consumed in large quantities, is also among the psychoactive drugs. In short, caffeine is a natural alkaloid found in several plants. It acts as a stimulant of the central nervous system.

It is also important to explain that it is present in some teas and soft drinks, as well as some supplements and medications.

When used in moderation, caffeine has the effect of increasing alertness, improving concentration and reducing fatigue. Its history is so ancient that it dates back to 2737 BC in China. However, it was first isolated in 1819 and only synthesized in 1895.

Risks and side effects

In general, caffeine can cause mild dependence. However, excessive use can lead to insomnia, anxiety, gastrointestinal problems and increased blood pressure. Finally, in extreme cases, caffeine intoxication can cause tachycardia, seizures and even be fatal in very high doses.

Nicotine: addiction also places it among psychoactive drugs

Nicotine is basically an alkaloid found mainly in tobacco. It has stimulating and sedative effects. It can be consumed through smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes, or through patches, chewing gum or nasal sprays to help stop smoking.

As a medicine, its use is also included in nicotine replacement therapies to help smokers quit the habit.

History and side effects of nicotine

Tobacco was used by indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonization. However, nicotine was isolated in 1828 and named after Jean Nicot, who introduced tobacco to France in the 16th century. Its highly addictive properties can

lead to serious health problems, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases. In addition, nicotine use during pregnancy and breastfeeding can affect the development of the fetus and baby.

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Depressants

While psychostimulant drugs impact the central nervous system in such a way as to enhance its activity, depressants, as the name suggests, do the opposite. This is because they act to reduce this same activity, in order to generate a sedative and tranquilizing effect.

In fact, it is possible to relate the nomenclature to the most common effect of this type of substance, which is the “depression” of brain functions. In other words, it is equivalent to decreasing neuronal excitability and, therefore, causing a state of relaxation and drowsiness. In addition, they tend to slow down physiological processes, such as heart and respiratory rates.

Below, we list the main psychoactive depressant drugs, where to find them and information about their use and the harmful effects of addiction.

Alcohol

Although the focus of this content is on illicit drugs and their risks and effects that result in chemical dependency, it is impossible not to address the psychoactive substance with the highest incidence of users in the world. Yes, we are talking about alcohol.

However, even though it is widely accepted across most of the planet, it is important to note that it is responsible for 2.6 million deaths per year. In other words, this corresponds to 4.7% of all deaths on the planet.

Furthermore, the WHO estimates that around 400 million people live with alcohol use disorders. And of course, excessive alcohol use is among the addictions that cause the most preventable deaths.

Definition and use of alcohol

Alcohol is a widely consumed psychoactive substance, mainly in the form of beverages. After all, its social use is directly related to relaxation and celebrations. In turn, the effects of alcohol vary according to the amount consumed and include euphoria, disinhibition and sedation. However, in high doses, it causes depression of the central nervous system. In addition, chronic use can lead to dependence, liver disease and cardiovascular problems.

Effects of alcohol on the body

Ethanol, the main component of alcohol, is capable of interacting with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. In other words, in practice, it alters the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and impairs communication between neurons.

In addition, it also affects the cerebral cortex, the limbic system and the hippocampus. In order, this represents; first: increased impulsivity and decreased judgment; second: emotional changes that can result in anxiety and depression; finally: reduced learning volume and possible lapses.

It should also be remembered that excessive alcohol consumption has a negative impact on motor coordination, balance, diction and sudden mood changes.

Dangers of alcohol

Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages can result in acute intoxication, which can be fatal. Therefore, it is essential to understand its harmful effects and, especially, to completely stop drinking in situations of illness, social and psychological complications or when it is perceived that use is among serious addictions.

It is also necessary to explain that alcohol is directly associated with risky health behaviors, accidents and violence. For this reason, it is among the addictions that cause the greatest concern for public policies in several countries around the world.

(ALCOHOL CYCLE IN THE BODY)

https://visaoparaofuturo.com.br/como-o-consumo-de-alcohol-pode-afetar-sua-visao

Morphine: Definition, Use and Effects

Morphine is an opioid used to relieve severe pain, especially in medical settings such as post-operative or in cancer patients. It is generally administered orally, intravenously or subcutaneously.

Effects include effective analgesia, sedation, and euphoria. However, it can also cause side effects such as nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression.

Dangers of morphine addiction

Prolonged use can lead to physical dependence and tolerance. In other words, in excessive doses, morphine can cause severe respiratory depression and even death. And as with other psychoactive drug treatments, monitoring by health professionals is necessary.

Heroin

Next, we have heroin, which is an illicit opioid derived from morphine. In fact, it emerged due to an attempt to improve the safety profile of morphine. Therefore, it has the technical name of diacetylmorphine and its synthesis took place for the first time in 1874. At the time, the chemist Alder Wright discovered that when it reached the liver, it converted to morphine.

However, heroin is one of the most addictive psychoactive drugs, ever since its use as a clandestine painkiller became popular on battlefields, for example during the Vietnam War.

After that, it spread as an illegal drug and reached its peak in the 1980s. However, in 2017, the United States assessed that there was a kind of heroin epidemic in the country. This raised the alarm about drug addiction around the world.

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Mode of consumption and risks related to heroin use

Heroin is used as a psychoactive drug by injection, smoking or snorting, in order to produce an intense feeling of pleasure. In other words, the effects include a rapid euphoria followed by sedation.

However, because of its high potential for physical and psychological dependence, heroin use is associated with significant risks, such as fatal overdose and infectious diseases (such as HIV) due to needle sharing.

Codeine

Codeine is an opioid used to treat mild to moderate pain and as an antitussive. In short, it is used as a medication to suppress or inhibit coughing. It can be found in prescription medications or in combination formulations and its main effects include pain relief and cough reduction.

On the other hand, the main side effects include drowsiness, constipation and nausea. And of course, improper use can lead to dependence, since in high doses, codeine can cause respiratory depression.

Fentanyl

Fentanyl is an extremely potent laboratory compound used to treat severe pain, especially in cancer patients or after surgery. To this end, it produces intense analgesia with a rapid onset of action.

Side effects include drowsiness, confusion, and constipation. Like other psychoactive drugs, fentanyl has a high risk of fatal overdose due to its potency. Recreational use is particularly dangerous due to the ease of overdose.

Methadone

Methadone is a synthetic drug used in the treatment of chronic pain and in substitution therapy for opioid addicts. After all, it offers pain relief with less risk of addiction compared to other opioids.

Side effects include drowsiness and constipation, and it can cause physical dependence. Overdose is a significant concern due to its long half-life.

Tramadol

Tramadol is an analgesic that acts on the central nervous system to relieve moderate to severe pain. This is because its effects include analgesia with a lower potential for dependence compared to stronger opioids. Therefore, side effects may include dizziness and nausea.

Although it has a lower risk of abuse, tramadol can still be addictive in some users.

Oxycodone

Next among the psychoactive drugs, we have oxycodone, quite common in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is available in immediate or extended-release formulations and produces pain relief with sedation as a common side effect. Side effects include constipation, nausea, and respiratory depression.

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone is an opioid analgesic used to treat severe pain that does not respond to other painkillers. In summary, the effects include effective analgesia with sedation as a common side effect. However, it can cause constipation and nausea.

Tapentadol

Tapentadol is an analgesic that combines opioid properties with norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Because of this, it is used for moderate to severe pain. After all, it offers effective pain relief with a lower risk of addiction compared to other traditional opioids.

However, improper use can lead to physical dependence.

Loperamide

Loperamide is an anti-diarrheal medication that works by reducing intestinal motility. To this end, it is effective in reducing stool frequency without causing a significant psychoactive effect.

However, in high doses, it can cause cardiac toxicity or even death. Therefore, it should not be used as a substitute for opioids.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are a class of medications used primarily to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. They generally produce sedation, muscle relaxation, and anterograde amnesia as their desired effects; side effects include excessive drowsiness.

Among its main dangers, it should be noted that prolonged use can lead to physical dependence. In addition, combining it with alcohol increases the risk of fatal overdose.

Barbiturates

Finally, on the list of psychoactive drugs capable of causing addiction are barbiturates. In general, they are sedatives used in the treatment of severe anxiety or insomnia and produce deep sedation.

Like other compounds in this list, side effects include mental confusion and respiratory depression, with a high potential for abuse.

Opioids

The next category of psychoactive drugs are opioids. To explain them, we need to consider that they are a class of substances that act on opioid receptors in the central nervous system and produce analgesic effects and a sense of well-being. They can be natural (derived from the poppy), semi-synthetic or fully synthetic.

Although originally developed for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, opioids are effective in relieving acute post-surgical pain and in palliative care.

Despite their analgesic efficacy, opioids pose significant risks. And so far, we have only discussed prolonged or inappropriate use under medical prescription. This means that in the case of recreational use, they can increase tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and the risk of overdose.

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How opioids act in the body

The mechanism of action of opioids involves binding to specific receptors in the brain and nervous system, blocking pain signals and increasing the sensation of pleasure. Thus, the combination of pain relief and euphoria contributes to their potential for abuse and dependence. Below, we will explain in detail the main opioids and their relationship with chemical dependence.

Anxiolytics (tranquilizers)

Anxiolytics, also known as tranquilizers, are medications used to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia. They emerged in the 1950s, with the development of benzodiazepines and are administered orally, in the form of tablets or capsules.

However, their main risks include dependence, tolerance, excessive drowsiness and cognitive impairment. In addition, prolonged use can lead to withdrawal syndrome when stopped abruptly and, in the case of interactions with alcohol and other depressants, cause serious damage to the central nervous system.

Inhalants/Solvents

Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce psychoactive effects. According to studies, their use dates back to ancient civilizations, but became popular in the 20th century.

For use, they are inhaled directly from containers or absorbed into cloths. Risks include brain, liver and kidney damage, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death from inhalation. And of course, chronic use can cause permanent cognitive deficits. They are particularly dangerous for pregnant women, as they can cause fetal malformations.

Hallucinogenic drugs

LSD

The next on the list of major psychoactive drugs even features in mid-20th century pop culture. For this reason, it was the inspiration for the Beatles’ song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds and the Beach Boys’ album Pet Sounds. Even so, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) addictions should not be romanticized. After all, it is a potent synthetic hallucinogen created in 1938 by chemist Albert Hofmann and can trigger dangerous behaviors while under the influence.

In general, it is consumed orally, usually in small pieces of absorbent paper. The main risks include bad trips with panic and delusions, recurrent flashbacks and exacerbation of psychiatric disorders.

It does not cause physical dependence, but frequent use can lead to tolerance. Finally, LSD has dangerous interactions if used together with lithium or other antidepressants.

Psilocybin

Here we have the hallucinogenic compound found in certain mushrooms. However, psilocybin has been used for millennia in indigenous rituals and is consumed by ingesting dried mushrooms or making tea.

The main risks include bad trips with intense anxiety, nausea and vomiting and among the effects it is possible that there may be an exacerbation of latent psychiatric disorders and cause flashbacks.

However, frequent use leads to rapid tolerance.

Psilocybin is not physically addictive, but it can cause psychological dependence. In addition, there is a risk of confusion with toxic species of mushrooms.

Mescaline

Mescaline is a hallucinogenic alkaloid found in certain cacti, such as peyote, and has been used for millennia by indigenous peoples. It is consumed by ingesting the dried cactus or making tea and its main risks include bad trips with anxiety and panic, tachycardia, hypertension and hyperthermia. Another point is that it can also aggravate psychiatric disorders and cause flashbacks.

Finally, just like mushrooms, there are species of cacti that are toxic and/or poisonous, which can cause confusion among lay users.

DMT

DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a potent hallucinogen found in various plants and produced endogenously in the human body. It is consumed by inhalation, injection or in drinks such as ayahuasca.

In addition, major risks include severe bad trips, tachycardia, hypertension, and seizures. It can exacerbate latent psychiatric disorders.

It also does not cause physical dependence, but its frequent use can lead to tolerance or cause greater risks if there is an interaction with antidepressants and other serotonergic medications.

5-MeO-DIPT

Another psychoactive drug with a complex name, but in short, 5-MeO-DIPT is a synthetic hallucinogen of the tryptamine class, created in the 1990s. It is consumed orally or by inhalation.

Its main risks include bad trips with intense anxiety, hyperthermia, seizures and serotonin syndrome. Another important point to be aware of is the fact that 5-MeO-DIPT exacerbates latent psychiatric disorders. Therefore, its frequent use can lead to tolerance.

There is no conclusive data on its dependence potential. Dangerous interactions may occur with other serotonergic drugs.

MDMA

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a synthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects, created in 1912 and popularized in the 1980s. It is consumed orally in tablets or capsules. The main risks include hyperthermia, dehydration, hyponatremia, cardiac arrhythmias and liver failure. Frequent use can cause neurotoxicity and cognitive deficits. It can lead to psychological dependence and withdrawal syndrome. Dangerous interactions occur with antidepressants and other drugs[12].

Anticholinergics

To conclude the list of the main psychoactive drugs that can cause addiction and chemical dependence, we have anticholinergics. In general, they are substances that block the action of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system.

In other words, anticholinergics act as antagonists of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and thus interfere with the transmission of signals between nerve cells and organs.

Main types of anticholinergics

There are two types of anticholinergics: direct (antimuscarinic), which antagonize muscarinic receptors, and indirect, which interfere with the synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine.

These drugs have several therapeutic applications, which include:

– Treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma and COPD;

– Management of gastrointestinal and urinary problems;

– Control of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease;

– Use as muscle relaxants in surgeries;

– Treatment of dizziness and motion sickness, among others.

However, anticholinergics can also cause significant side effects, especially in the elderly. These include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and in some cases, mental confusion and cognitive impairment.

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Effects of psychoactive drugs on the body

So far, we have understood the different ways in which psychoactive drugs affect an individual’s body and mind. In other words, we have noticed that they have different characteristics, depending on their composition and dosage.

However, it is possible to broadly gather the main impacts that various addictions cause on the body. Below, we have provided a mental map for a better understanding of the subject.

Chemical Dependency: Understanding the Addiction Cycle and Its Mechanisms

Drug addiction is a complex health problem that affects, according to the 2023 World Drug Report , around 284 million people worldwide. In addition, the study also indicates that in the age group between 15 and 64 years old, the rate of people who used drugs in 2020 was 26% higher than in the previous decade.

After all, what defines chemical dependency?

Chemical dependency is a condition in which a person becomes physically and psychologically dependent on substances that alter the functioning of the central nervous system. In other words, it is characterized by the use of both legalized psychoactive drugs such as alcohol and cigarettes as well as prescription medications and illicit drugs.

It is obvious that the assessment and treatment of chemical dependency must always consider the context of the addiction, the individual’s history and other related issues. However, even in less severe cases of recurrent use, a complex and humanized approach is necessary in order to see the addiction as it is. In this case, a disease.

How to characterize a condition of chemical dependency?

The drug addict develops an altered relationship with the substance, which most often demonstrates the following behaviors:

• Compulsion to use;
• Difficulty in controlling consumption;
• Continued use despite obvious harm;
• Increased tolerance;
• Withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped.

Therefore, it is important to understand that drug addiction is not a question of moral weakness or lack of willpower. After all, it is a complex disease that affects the brain and behavior of the individual.

Biological mechanisms of chemical dependence

The biological mechanisms of drug addiction are closely linked to the functioning of the central nervous system, especially the brain’s reward system. This is because when a person consumes drugs, significant changes occur in brain chemistry, such as:

Release of neurotransmitters | Firstly, drugs stimulate the excessive release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine;

Activation of the reward system | The release of dopamine then activates the brain’s reward system, producing intense feelings of pleasure and euphoria;

Neural adaptation | With continued use, the brain adapts to the presence of the drug and reduces its sensitivity to natural neurotransmitters;

Tolerance | The body begins to require increasingly larger doses of the substance to obtain the same effects, a phenomenon known as tolerance;

Structural Changes | Finally, prolonged drug use can cause lasting changes in the structure and function of the brain.

Psychological mechanisms of chemical dependency

In addition to biological aspects, addictions cause complex psychological mechanisms, such as:

Conditioning | Repeated drug use creates associations between consumption and certain situations, places or emotions;

Self-medication | Many people use drugs as a way to deal with untreated emotional problems or mental disorders;

Negative reinforcement | This is when the relief of withdrawal symptoms through drug use reinforces the consumption behavior;

Cognitive distortions | The addict develops distorted beliefs and thoughts that justify the continued use of the substance;

Defense mechanisms | Denial and minimization are common among drug addicts, making it difficult to recognize the problem.

The vicious cycle of addiction

Chemical dependency is established and maintained through a vicious cycle that involves physical, psychological and social aspects. In this case, it is possible to list 10 stages that most psychoactive drug addicts go through. Continue reading to learn more about them.

1. Initial use | Usually motivated by curiosity, social pressure, or seeking emotional relief;

2. Pleasant experience | Initial positive effects reinforce usage behavior.

3. Repeated use | The person seeks to repeat the pleasurable experience, increasing the frequency of consumption;

4. Tolerance | The body adapts, requiring larger doses to obtain the same effects.

5. Physical dependence | The body becomes dependent on the substance to function “normally”;

6. Withdrawal | When use is stopped, unpleasant symptoms arise that drive the individual to use again;

7. Compulsion | The intense desire to use the drug becomes uncontrollable;

8. Negative consequences | Continued use leads to health, social and legal problems;

9. Failed attempts to quit | The addict tries to quit, but relapses due to withdrawal symptoms and compulsion.

10. Return to use | The cycle starts again, often with more intense use.

Risk factors: Genetic, environmental, psychological

To reiterate all the complexity involved in treating psychoactive drug addicts, it is crucial to understand all the risk factors that are usually part of the user’s social circle. We also explain them below.

Genetic risk factors

First, we must emphasize that genetic factors play a significant role in vulnerability to drug addiction. Studies in families, twins, and adoption provide evidence of the importance of hereditary factors in transmitting susceptibility to addiction.

Furthermore, there is research that indicates that children of alcoholics are four times more likely to develop alcoholism . In other words, genetics influence how the body and brain respond to substances, affecting tolerance and sensitivity to the effects of drugs.

However, genetic inheritance does not directly determine addiction, but rather vulnerability conditions that, together with environmental factors, can lead to the development of the disorder. Molecular studies have established associations between genetic polymorphisms and addictions, with emphasis on the dopaminergic system. It is important to emphasize that chemical dependency is considered a complex disease, involving multiple genes and their interaction with the environment, following an epigenetic model of development.

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Environmental risk factors

Environmental factors play a crucial role in the development of drug addiction. The environment in which a person lives, works, and socializes can significantly influence the risk of substance use and abuse. Therefore, the availability and ease of access to drugs are important factors, as is exposure to environments where substance use is common or accepted.

Social circles, including family and friends, can have a strong influence, especially during adolescence and early adulthood. Conflictual family environments, lack of parental supervision, or the presence of family members who use drugs increase the risk.

In addition, socioeconomic factors such as poverty, unemployment and low levels of education may also contribute. Exposure to media and advertising of legal substances such as alcohol and tobacco may normalize their use.

Finally, traumatic experiences, chronic stress and lack of opportunities for leisure and personal development are other relevant environmental factors that can lead to drug use as a coping mechanism.

Psychological risk factors

Psychological factors play a key role in vulnerability to drug addiction. Pre-existing mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and borderline personality disorder, significantly increase the risk of developing drug addiction.

Many people turn to drugs as a form of self-medication to alleviate symptoms of untreated psychiatric disorders. Low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, and difficulty coping with negative emotions are also important risk factors. Psychological trauma, especially in childhood, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, can lead to substance use as a coping mechanism.

Impulsivity, sensation seeking, and difficulty delaying gratification are personality traits associated with a higher risk of addiction. In addition, inadequate coping skills, difficulty solving problems, and dealing with stress increase vulnerability to substance use as an escape.

Lack of emotional resilience and the inability to regulate emotions also contribute to the risk of drug addiction.

Consequences of addiction: Family, social, professional problems

From the variables of cause, we now move on to the consequences of chemical dependence on psychoactive drugs. In this case, although there are also multiple profiles of addicts – and some are even functional and socially adjusted – most of them directly affect everyone around them. Therefore, understanding these impacts is crucial to understanding the severity of the problem and the need for adequate intervention and treatment.

Family problems

Drug addiction has a devastating impact on families, and the family nucleus is often the first to feel its consequences. It usually begins with the rapid deterioration of relationships within the family. As a result, trust is broken and constant conflicts arise that lead to emotional distancing between members.

The development of codependency is also common, where family members adopt dysfunctional behaviors in an attempt to “help” the dependent, often perpetuating the vicious cycle.

Financial instability becomes a reality as family resources are diverted to support addiction, causing serious economic problems. In cases where the addicts are parents, parental neglect can become a sad reality, deeply affecting the emotional and psychological development of children. Unfortunately, domestic violence can also increase, with substance use increasing the incidence of physical and emotional abuse in the home. In addition, there is a risk of intergenerational transmission of the problem, with children of addicts being more likely to develop drug problems in the future, perpetuating a family cycle of addiction.

Social problems caused by addictions

In turn, the impact of drug addiction on an individual’s social life is profound and often irreversible. In most cases, social isolation becomes a defining characteristic, with healthy friendships and relationships being sacrificed in favor of substance use.

The addict often faces stigmatization, being the target of prejudice and discrimination in the community, which can lead to a cycle of further marginalization. Antisocial behavior may manifest, with drug use potentially leading to illegal or violent acts, resulting in trouble with the law and increased social isolation. Interests and hobbies that were once a source of pleasure and social connection are gradually abandoned as the drug becomes the central focus of the individual’s life.

Communication skills are severely compromised, further hindering the ability to interact healthily with others. In a broader context, drug use, especially injectable drugs, can contribute to public health problems such as the spread of infectious diseases, affecting not only the user but the entire community.

Professional problems

In the professional sphere, drug addiction leaves a trail of destruction that can permanently compromise an individual’s career. A drop in productivity is usually the first visible sign, with work performance being severely affected by substance use.

Absenteeism becomes a chronic problem, with frequent absences and tardiness undermining employee reliability. In professions that require attention and precision, the risk of workplace accidents increases significantly, putting not only the employee at risk, but also their colleagues.

Many end up losing their jobs due to erratic behavior and poor performance, starting a cycle of professional instability. The difficulty in holding down jobs for long periods becomes a constant, further damaging career prospects.

Opportunities for professional growth are lost, and reputation in the job market is seriously compromised. All these factors, combined with excessive spending on drugs, inevitably lead to serious financial problems, creating a vicious cycle of dependence and economic precariousness that can be extremely difficult to break without professional help and adequate support.

Prevention and treatment of chemical dependency: how does it work?

It is obvious that being such a complex and multifaceted problem, chemical dependency does not have any simple or easy solution to combat it. Therefore, always be suspicious when the alternative found sounds miraculous or advocates a standardized and unique procedure for all types of addictions.

But depending on the stage of chemical dependency and the professional assessment of the individual, there are scientifically proven actions that favor prevention and treatment.

Primary prevention: Education, awareness campaigns

First, we have primary prevention, which focuses on avoiding the first contact with psychoactive substances. To achieve this, this approach mainly involves education and awareness campaigns, aiming to inform the population about the risks and consequences of drug use.

Educational programs are implemented in schools, communities and workplaces, providing accurate information about the effects of drugs on the body and social life. Media campaigns are used to reach a wider audience, using impactful messages based on scientific evidence.

Furthermore, primary prevention also includes the development of social and emotional skills, especially among young people, to strengthen resistance to social pressures and improve decision-making. Finally, she also argues that public policies that restrict access to and advertising of legal substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, are an important part of this preventive strategy.

Therefore, we can say that its ultimate goal is to create a social environment that discourages drug use and promotes healthy lifestyles.

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Secondary prevention: Early identification and intervention

In secondary prevention of chemical dependency, the focus is on the early identification of individuals who have already started using substances, but have not yet developed serious dependence.

This approach aims to intervene quickly to prevent the progression of problematic use. Health professionals, educators and social workers are trained to recognize early signs of substance abuse. Screening and assessment tools are used in primary health care settings, schools and communities to identify people at risk.

Once identified, these individuals are offered brief interventions, which may include counseling, motivational therapy, and referral to specialized services when necessary.

Secondary prevention also involves working with families and support groups, providing guidance and resources to deal with initial substance use. Harm reduction programs can be implemented to minimize the risks associated with drug use while working toward cessation.

Treatment: Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches

Ultimately, addiction treatment involves a combination of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches tailored to the individual needs of each patient. Pharmacotherapy uses medications to manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and treat psychiatric comorbidities. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are used to treat opioid addiction, while disulfiram and acamprosate are options for alcoholism.

Psychotherapeutic approaches include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational therapy, and family therapy. These aim to modify thought and behavior patterns related to substance use, strengthen motivation for change, and improve family relationships.

Mutual support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, complement professional treatment. The effectiveness of treatment depends on an individualized approach, considering the patient’s biological, psychological, and social factors.

Therapeutic communities and rehabilitation centers

Therapeutic communities and rehabilitation centers offer structured environments for intensive treatment of drug addiction. This is because these facilities provide a temporary break from the patient’s usual environment, allowing full focus on recovery.

Therapeutic communities are based on a self-help and mutual support model, where residents actively participate in their own recovery and that of their peers. Daily activities include group therapy, individual counseling, addiction education, and life skills development.

Rehabilitation centers, on the other hand, offer more medicalized programs, with constant medical supervision and specialized therapies. Both models emphasize total abstinence and gradual reintegration into society. The duration of treatment varies, and can be short-term (30 days) to long-term (6-12 months). The success of these approaches depends on the patient’s commitment and post-treatment support.

What is harm reduction: advantages and disadvantages

Imagine you have a friend who loves to skateboard but often gets injured. Instead of telling him to stop skateboarding altogether (which probably wouldn’t work), you could suggest that he wear a helmet and knee pads. Because this analogy is the essence of harm reduction: recognizing that some people will use drugs no matter what we say, and trying to minimize the risks associated with that use.

Harm reduction does not encourage drug use. Instead, it recognizes that substance use is a complex reality and seeks ways to make it less harmful to the individual and society. Some harm reduction strategies include:

1. Needle exchange programs to prevent disease transmission among injecting drug users;

2. Distribution of drug testing kits so that people can check for dangerous substances mixed in;

3. Creating safe spaces where people can use drugs under medical supervision;

4. Education on safer drug use practices.

Advantages of the harm reduction method

Harm reduction has several significant benefits that cannot be ignored. Firstly, it plays a crucial role in saving lives by preventing overdoses and reducing the spread of communicable diseases among drug users.

Additionally, this approach creates a more open and welcoming environment where people struggling with substance use feel more comfortable seeking help without fear of judgment or punishment. This leads to a notable reduction in the stigma associated with drug use and addiction treatment, allowing more individuals to seek the support they need.

From an economic perspective, harm reduction also proves to be beneficial to society, generally being more cost-effective than dealing with the consequences of unsupervised drug use, such as emergency hospital admissions and long-term treatments for infectious diseases.

Disadvantages of harm reduction

On the other hand, the harm reduction approach faces some criticisms and disadvantages that deserve consideration. One of the main concerns is the perception that this strategy can be interpreted as a way of “allowing” or even encouraging drug use, which can generate resistance in certain sectors of society.

There is also a risk that harm reduction could be misinterpreted as a tacit endorsement of the use of illegal substances, which could complicate prevention efforts and drug control policies. Furthermore, effective implementation of harm reduction strategies requires a significant shift in the way society as a whole views and approaches drug use.

This cultural and mindset transformation can be a slow and challenging process, facing resistance from more conservative groups or those who advocate more punitive approaches to dealing with drug use.

Illicit Drug Debate: Arguments for and against legalization

The debate over the legalization of illicit drugs is a complex and polarizing issue that, as noted above, involves issues of public health, safety, individual rights, and social policy. As such, the arguments for and against legalization reflect different perspectives on how to address drug use in society.

Proponents of legalization argue that prohibition has failed to reduce drug use and trafficking, while fueling violence and organized crime. They argue that legalization would allow for better regulation and control of the drug market, reducing the risks associated with adulterated substances and unsafe drug use practices. They also argue that resources spent on the war on drugs could be redirected to prevention, treatment, and education.

Other important points under discussion

On the other hand, opponents of legalization express concerns about the potential increase in drug use and its negative impacts on public health and society. They fear that legalization could normalize drug use, leading to an increase in addiction problems and associated health care costs.

Critics of legalization also argue that there could be unintended consequences, such as increased drug-related traffic accidents or productivity problems at work. There are concerns about how to protect young people and prevent early drug use in an environment where the substances are legal.

Conclusion and perspectives

As the debate on addictions, psychoactive drugs and chemical dependency continues to evolve, different countries and regions have been experimenting with various approaches, from decriminalization to controlled legalization of certain substances.

But we must not forget that the complexity of the issue means that there is no single solution that addresses all concerns. After all, any change in drug policy requires a careful balance between public health, safety and individual rights.

Therapeutic monitoring: an effective solution for caring for addicts undergoing treatment

Finally, it is important to address the innovative and efficient work that has become popular around the world as an auxiliary service in the treatment of chemical dependency. These are the services offered by therapeutic companions, such as EnLite Care .

In practice, the patient is assessed and a personalized therapeutic plan is created. With this, a team of professionals seeks to understand the objectives and expectations that need to be achieved in the short, medium and long term. This favors, for example, the abandonment of an addiction through humanized monitoring.

Services available through therapeutic monitoring

EnLite Care currently offers 3 human care packages, which are adapted to different scenarios for those who need therapeutic support. The service is suitable, for example, for addicts in treatment or former addicts who need supervision or encouragement to reduce or inhibit relapse situations.

Packages range from monthly periods of 8 hours with support for consultations, shifts, procedures and shopping to periods of 120 hours, useful, for example, to accompany a family member who cannot be alone during a family trip.

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Mental health is non-negotiable: count on EnLite to take care of it!

After understanding everything related to chemical dependency, addictions and psychoactive drugs in an informative and taboo-free way, we invite you to get to know EnLite . Focused on becoming a reference as an international network of therapeutic companions, we are a clinic without walls, specialized in mental health and human care.

In other words, with EnLite , you can access therapeutic companion services in an individualized, humane and effective way. To do this, we carry out an admission consultation to understand your needs and select the professional who best aligns with what you need.

Therefore, the recovery of those who seek our services becomes the most important result for us.

For more content on therapeutic monitoring and mental health, access other articles on the EnLite Blog .